Determination of dose enhancement factor of Zink Oxide nanoparticles doped with Gadolinium irradiated by 6MV photon beams using PRESAGE dosimeter and Monte Carlo simulation

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Abstract

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) doped with Gd on dose enhancement factor (DEF) by using the PRESAGE dosimeter and Monte Carlo simulation. Initially, the water equivalent PRESAGE dosimeter was fabricated and calibrated against some dose levels. Then ZnO NPs doped with Gd were synthesized. At next step, various concentrations of the prepared nanoparticles were incorporated into the PRESAGE composition and irradiated in small radiation fields by 6 MV photons. The dosimeters were then read-out by spectrophotometer. Then the mentioned processes were simulated by Monte Carlo code. By comparing the results in terms of the presence and lack of NPs, DEF was acquired. Simulation results showed that at mentioned condition, the DEF of about 1.06, 1.10, 1.12 for 1×1 cm2 field size, 1.07, 1.11, 1.17 for 2×2 cm2 and 1.09, 1.13 and 1.20 for 3×3 cm2 could be derived, respectively. Also spectrophotometer measurements showed that by incorporating 125, 500 and 1000 µg.ml-1 ZnO NPs doped with Gd into PRESAGE structure the dose enhancement factor of about 1.42, 1.48, 1.50 for 1×1 cm2 field size, 1.46, 1.49, 1.54 for 2×2 cm2 and 1.46, 1.52 and 1.58 for 3×3 cm2 could be found, respectively. The results of this study showed that dose enhancement factor increases by increasing field size. Various reasons may cause the DEF for megavoltage photon beams such as photoelectric effect for low energy photon beams in continues X-ray spectrum, pair production effect and even Compton scattering.

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