Investigation of the extent of DNA damage under proton irradiation in the presence of various nanoparticles of Au, Gd and I, using Geant4-DNA toolkit

[1] M. Lederman. The Early History of Radiotherapy: 1895-1939, Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 7 (1981) 639–648. [2] D. Schardt, T. Elsasser and D. Schultz-Ertner. Heavy-Ion Tumor Therapy: Physical and Radiobiological Benefits, Rev. Mod. Phys. (2010) 82-383. [3] J.S. Loeffler and M. Durante. Charged Particle Therapy—Optimization, Challenges and Future Directions, Nature Rev. Clin. Oncol., 10 (2013) 411-424. [4] H. Nikjoo and O. Nill. Radiation Track, DNA Damage and Response-A Review, Rep. Prog. Phys., 79 (2016) 116601. [5] H. Nikjoo and S. Uehara. Track Structure Studies of Biological Systems, in Charged Particle and Photon Interactions with Matter: Chemical, Physiochemical, and Biological Consequences with Applications, New York, Marcel Dekker, (2004). [6] H. Nikjoo, S. Uehara and D. Emfietzoglou, Interaction of Radiation with Matter, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, (2012). [7] S. Incerti, J. Davise and M. Asaren. Comparison of GEANT4 Very Low Energy Cross Section Models with Experimental Data in Water, Medical Physics, 37 (2010) 4692–4708, [8] T. Goorley and G.Tomes. Initial MCNP6 Release Overview LA-UR-11-07082, Nucl. Technol.,180 (2010) 298–315. [9] J.M. Fernández. Limitations (and Merits) of PENELOPE as a Track-Structure Code, Int. J.Radiat. Biol., 88(1-2) (2012) 66–70. [10] M. Douglass, E. Bezak and S. Penfold. Monte Carlo Investigation of the Increased Radiation Deposition due to Gold Nanoparticles using Kilovoltage and Megavoltage Photons in a 3D Randomized Cell Model. Medical Physics 40(7) (2013) 071710. [11] H.N. Tran and D. Hirst. Geant4 Monte Carlo Simulation of Absorbed Dose and Radiolysis Yields Enhancement from a Gold Nanoparticle under MeV Proton Irradiation, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 373 (2016) 126–139. [12] ASTM, International Terminology for Nanotechnology (ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2006). [13] Y. Matsumura and H. Maeda. A New Concept for Macromolecular Therapeutics in Cancer Chemotherapy Mechanism of Tumoritropic Accumulation of Proteins and the Antitumor Agent Smancs, Cancer Res. (46) (1986) 6387–6392. [14] M. Babaei and M. Ganjalikhani. The Potential Effectiveness of Nanoparticles as Radiosensitizers for Radiotherapy, Bioimpacts (4) (2014) 15–20. [15] S. McMahon, D.G. Hirst and F.J.Currell. Energy Dependence of Gold Nanoparticle Radiosensitization in Plasmid DNA, J. Phys. Chem. 115(41) (2011) 20160–20167. [16] A. Mesbahi. A Review on Gold Nanoparticles Radiosensitization Effect in Radiation Therapy of Cancer, Rep. Pract. Oncol. Radiother. 15(6) (2010) 176–180. [17] E. Lechtman and J. Suneill. Implications on Clinical Scenario of Gold Nanoparticle Radiosensitisation in regards to Photon Energy, Nano-particle Size, Concentration and Location, Phys. Med. Biol., 56(15) (2011) 463. [18] K. Butterworth. Physical Basis and Biological Mechanisms of Gold Nano particle Radiosensitization, Nanoscale 4 (2012) 4830–4838. [19] Y. Zheng and U. Linn. Radiosensitization of DNA by Gold Nanoparticles Irradiated with High Energy Electrons, Radiat. Res. 169(4) (2008) 481–482. [20] S. McMahon D.G. Hirst and F.J. Currell. Comment on Implications on Clinical Scenario of Gold Nanoparticle Radiosensitization in Regards to Photon Energy, Nanoparticle Size, Concentration and Location, Phys. Med. Biol. 57(1) (2012) 287. [21] J. Suneill and H. Brown. Cell-Specific Radiosensitization by Gold Nano-particles at Megavoltage Radiation Energies, Int. J. Radiat. Oncol, Biol, Phys, 79(2) (2020) 531–539. [22] L. Smith, J. Kim and B. Ashow. Nanoparticles in Cancer Imaging and Therapy, J. Nanomater., 2012 (2012) 1-7. [23] M. Castillo. Effects of Radiotherapy on Mandibular Reconstruction Plates, Am. J. Surg, 156(4) (1988) 261–263. [24] H. Matsudaira, A.M. Ueno and I. Furuno. Iodine Contrast Medium Sensitizes Cultured Mammalian Cells to X-rays but not to Y rays, Radiat. Res., 84 (1980) 144–148. [25] W. Hadnagy, A. Bauml and G. Stephan. Energy-Dependent Effect of Iodized Contrast Medium on Radiation-Induced Chromosome Aberrations, Radiat. Environ. Biophys, 24 (1985) 71–74. [26] R.S. Mello, H. Callison, J. Winter, A.R. Kagan and A. Norman. Radiation Dose Enhancement in Tumours with Iodine, Med. Phys. 10 (1983) 75–78. [27] P. Dawson, M. Penhaligon, E. Smith and J. Saunders. Iodinated Contrast Agents as Radiosensitizers, Br. J. Radiol., 60 (1987) 201–203. [28] N. Tokita, Y. Akime, S. Egawa and M.R. Raju. Biological Dosimetry for Iodine Contrast Medium and X-ray Interactions by Cell Survival, Br. J. Radiol., 63(1990) 735–737. [29] K.S. Iwamoto, S.T. Cochran, J. Winter, E. Holburt, R.T. Higashida and A. Norman. Radiation dose Enhancement Therapy with Iodine in Rabbit VX-2 Brain Tumors, Radiother. Oncol., 8(1987) 161–170. [30] N. Lewinski, V. Colvin and R. Drezek, Cytotoxicity of Nanoparticles, Small 4(1) (2008) 26–49. [31] E.E. Connor, J. Mwamuka, A. Gole, C.J. Murphy and M.D. Wyatt. Gold Nanoparticles are Taken up by Human Cells but do not Cause Acute Cytotoxicity, Small 1(3) (2005) 325–327. [32] D.F. Regulla, L.B. Hieber and M. Seidenbusch. Physical and Biological Interface Dose Effects in Tissue due to X-ray-Induced Release of Secondary Radiation from Metallic Gold surfaces, Radiat. Res., 150 (1998) 92–100. [33] D.M. Herold, I.J. Das, C.C. Stobbe, R.V. Iyer and J.D. Chapman. Gold Microspheres: a Selective Technique for Producing Biologically Effective Dose Enhancement, Int. J. Radiat. Biol., 76 (2000) 1357–1364. [34] J.F. Hainfeld, D.N. Slatkin and H.M. Smilowitz. The Use of Gold Nanoparticles to Enhance Radiotherapy in Mice, Phys. Med. Biol., 49(2004) N309–N315. [35] D.B. Chithrani, S. Jelveh, F. Jalali, M.V. Prooijen, C. Allen, R.G. Bristow, R.P. Hill and D.A. Jaffray. Gold Nanoparticles as Radiation Sensitizers in Cancer Therapy, Radiat. Res., 173 (2010) 719–728. [36] C.J. Liu, C.H. Wang, S.T. Chen, H.H. Chen, W.H. Leng, C.C. Chien, C.L. Wang, I.M. Kempson, Y. Hwu, T.C. Lai, M. Hsiao, C.S. Yang, Y.J. Chen and G. Margaritondo. Enhancement of Cell Radiation Sensitivity by Pegylated Gold Nanoparticles, Phys. Med. Biol., 55(2010) 931–945. [37] J.K. Kim, S.J. Seo, H.T. Kim, K.H. Kim, M.H. Chung, K.R. Kim and S.J. Ye. Enhanced Proton Treatment in Mouse Tumors through Proton Irradiated Nanoradiator Effects on Metallic Nanoparticles, Phys. Med. Biol., 57 (2012) 8309–8323. [38] I. El Naqa, P. Pater and J. Seuntjens. Monte Carlo Role in Radiobiological Modelling of Radiotherapy Outcomes, Phys. Med. Biol. 57 (2012) R75–R97. [39] E. Lechtman, S. Mashouf, N. Chattopadhyay, B.M. Keller, P. Lai, Z. Cai, R.M. Reilly and J.P. Pignol. A Monte Carlo-based Model of Gold Nanoparticle Radiosensitization Accounting for Increased Radiobiological Effectiveness, Phys. Med. Biol., 58 (2013) 3075–3087. [40] S.J. McMahon, W.B. Hyland, M.F. Muir, J.A. Coulter, S. Jain, K.T. Butterworth, G. Schettino, G.R. Dickson, A.R. Hounsell, J.M. O’Sullivan, K.M. Prise, D.G. Hirst and F.J. Currell. Biological Consequences of Nanoscale Energy Deposition near Irradiated Heavy Atom Nanoparticles, Sci. Rep., 1 (2011) 18. [41] S.J. McMahon, W.B. Hyland, M.F. Muir, J.A. Coulter, S. Jain, K.T. Butterworth, G. Schettino, G.R. Dickson, A.R. Hounsell, J.M. O’Sullivan, K.M. Prise, D.G. Hirst and F.J. Currell. Nanodosimetric Effects of Gold Nanoparticles in Megavoltage Radiation Therapy, Radiother. Oncol., 100 (2011) 412–416. [42] S.H. Cho. Estimation of Tumour Dose Enhancement due to Gold Nanoparticles during Typical Radiation Treatments: A Preliminary Monte Carlo Study, Phys. Med. Biol., 50 (2005) N163–N173. [43] B.L. Jones, S. Krishnan and S.H. Cho. Estimation of Microscopic Dose Enhancement Factor around Gold Nanoparticles by Monte Carlo Calculations, Med. Phys., 37(2010) 3809–3816. [44] Y. Lin, S.J. McMahon, M. Scarpelli, H. Paganetti and J. Schuemann. Comparing Gold Nano-particle Enhanced Radiotherapy with Protons, Megavoltage Photons and Kilovoltage Photons: A Monte Carlo Simulation, Phys. Med. Biol., 59 (2014) 7675–7689. [45] M. Mokari, M.H. Alamatsaz, H. Moeini and R. Taleei. A Simulation Approach for Determining the Spectrum of DNA Damage Induced by Protons. Phys. Med. Biol., vol. 63, p. 175003, (2018). [46] P. Shamshiri, Gh. Forozani and A. Zabihi. Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research B 454(2019) 40–44 An investigation of the physics mechanism based on DNA damage produced by protons and alpha particles in a realistic DNA model. [47] S. Meylan, S. Incerti, M. Karamitros, N. Tang, M. Bueno, I. Clairand and C. Villagrasa. Simulation of Early DNA Damage after the Irradiation of a Fibroblast Cell Nucleus using Geant4-DNA, Scientific Reports, 7(2017) 11923. [48] W. Friedland, P. Bernhardt, P. Jacob, H.G. Paretzke and M. Dingfelder. Simulation of DNA Damage after Proton and Low LET irradiation, Radiat. Prot. Dosim., 99(1-4) (2002) 99–102. [49] W. Friedland, E. Schmitt, P. Kundrát, M. Dingfelder, G. Baiocco, S. Barbieri and A. Ottolenghi. Comprehensive Track-structure Based Evaluation of DNA Damage by Light Ions from Radiotherapy Relevant Energies Down to Stopping, Sci. Rep.,7 (2017) 45161. [50] S. Agostinelli, J. Allison, K. Amako, J. Apostolakis and H. Araujo. Geant4–a Simulation Toolkit, Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res., Sect. A, 506(2003) 250–303. [51] J. Allison, K. Amako, J. Apostolakis, H. Araujo, P.A. Dubois and M. Asai. Geant4 Developments and Applications, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., 53(2006) 270–278. [52] S. Incerti, G. Baldacchino, M. Bernal, R. Capra, C. Champion, Z. Francis, S. Guatelli, P. Guèye, A. Mantero, B. Mascialino, P. Moretto, P. Nieminen, A. Rosenfeld, C. Villagrasa and C. Zacharatou. The Geant4-DNA Project, Int. J. Model. Simul. Sci. Comput., 1(2010) 157–178. [53] S. Incerti, C. Champion, H.N. Tran, M. Karamitros, M. Bernal, Z. Francis, V. Ivanchenko and A. Mantero. Energy Deposition in Small-scale Targets of Liquid Water using the Very Low Energy Electromagnetic Physics Processes of the Geant4 Toolkit, Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res., Sect. A, 306(2013) 158–164. [54] S. Incerti, A. Ivanchenko, M. Karamitros, A. Mantero, P. Moretto, H.N. Tran, B. Mascialion, C. Champion, V.N. Ivanchenko, M.A. Bernal, Z. Francis, C. Villagrasa, G. Baldacchino, P. Gueye, R. Capra, P. Nieminen and C. Zacharatou. Comparison of GEANT4 Very Low Energy Cross Section Models with Experimental Data in Water, Med. Phys., 37(2010) 4692–4708. [55] M. Karamitros, A. Mantero, S. Incerti, G. Baldacchino, P. Barberet, M. Bernal, R. Capra, C. Champion, Z. El Bitar and Z. Francis. Modeling Radiation Chemistry in the Geant4 Toolkit, Prog. Nucl. Sci. Technol., 2(2011) 503–508. [56] M. Karamitros, S. Luan, M.A. Bernal, J. Allison, G. Baldacchino, M. Davidkova, Z. Francis, W. Friedland, V. Ivantchenko, A. Ivantchenko, A. Mantero, P. Nieminem, G. Santin, H.N. Tran, V. Stepan and S. Incerti. Diffusion-controlled Reactions Modeling in Geant4-DNA, J. Comput. Phys., 274(2014) 841–882. [57] M. Terrissol. Modeling of Radiation Damage by 125I on a Nucleosome, International Journal of Radiation Biology, 66(1994) 447–452. [58] B. Lee. PhD thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, (2014).