Unexpected dose and the biological effect of neutron contamination in linear accelerators

[1] Kry, S. F., Johnson, J. L., White, R. A., Howell, R. M., Kudchadker, R. J., & Gillin, M. T., Neutron-induced electronic failures around a high-energy linear accelerator. Medical Physics. 38(1) (2011) 34–39. [2] Zecchin, M., Morea, G., Severgnini, M., Sergi, E., Roldan, A. B., Bianco, E., Salvatore, L., Malfunction of cardiac devices after radiotherapy without direct exposure to ionizing radiation: mechanisms and experimental data. Europace. 18(2) (2016) 288–293. [3] Najem, M., Abolaban, F., Podolyák, Z., & Spyrou, N. (2015)., Neutron production from flattening filter free high energy medical linac: A Monte Carlo study. Radiation Physics and Chemistry,. 116 (2015) 176–180. [4] Biltekin, F., M. Yeginer, and G. Ozyigit, Investigating in-field and out-of-field neutron contamination in high-energy medical linear accelerators based on the treatment factors of field size, depth, beam modifiers, and beam type. Physica Medica,. 31:(5) (2015) 517–523. [5] Protection, R., ICRP publication 103. Ann. ICRP,. 37(2.4) (2007) 2. [6] Expósito, M. R., Sánchez-Nieto, B., Terrón, J. A., Domingo, C., Gómez, F., & Sánchez-Doblado, F., Neutron contamination in radiotherapy: Estimation of second cancers based on measurements in 1377 patients. Radiotherapy and Oncology,. 10:(2)7 (2013) 234–241. [7] Cardenas, C. E., Nitsch, P. L., Kudchadker, R. J., Howell, R. M., & Kry, S. F., Out-of-field doses and neutron dose equivalents for electron beams from modern Varian and Elekta linear accelerators. Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics,. 17(4) (2016). [8] Yücel, H., Çobanbaş, İ., Kolbaşı, A., Yüksel, A. Ö., & Kaya, V., Measurement of photo-neutron dose from an 18-MV medical linac using a foil activation method in view of radiation protection of patients. Nuclear Engineering and Technology,. 48(2) (2016) 525–532. [9] Bezak, E., R. Takam, and L.G. Marcu, Peripheral photon and neutron doses from prostate cancer external beam irradiation. Radiation protection dosimetry,. 167(4) (2015) 591–601. [10] Jahangiri, M., Hejazi, P., Hashemi, S. M., Haghparast, A., & Hajizadeh, B., The effect of field size and distance from the field center on neutron contamination in medical linear accelerator. International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research,. 3(1) (2015) 97–104. [11] Horst, F., D. Czarnecki, and K. Zink, The influence of neutron contamination on dosimetry in external photon beam radiotherapy. Medical physics,. 42(11)) 2015) 6529–6536. [12] Sumini, M., Isolan, L., Cucchi, G., Sghedoni, R., & Iori, M., A Monte Carlo model for photoneutron generation by a medical LINAC. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, (2017). [13] Yani, S., Tursinah, R., Rhani, M., Soh, R., Haryanto, F., & Arif, I. Neutron contamination of Varian Clinac iX 10 MV photon beam using Monte Carlo simulation. in Journal of Physics: Conference Series. (2016). IOP Publishing. [14] Juste, B., Morató, S., Miró, R., Verdú, G., & Díez, S., MCNP6 unstructured mesh application to estimate the photoneutron distribution and induced activity inside a linac bunker. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, (2016). [15] Ezzati, A. and M. Studenski, Neutron dose in and out of 18MV photon fields. Applied Radiation and Isotopes,. 122 (2017) 186–192. [16] Brkić, H., Ivković, A., Kasabašić, M., Sovilj, M. P., Jurković, S., Štimac, D., The influence of field size and off-axis distance on photoneutron spectra of the 18 MV Siemens Oncor linear accelerator beam. Radiation Measurements,. 93 (2016) 28–34. [17] Kase, K., Liu, J., Elsalim, M., Nelson, W., Mao, X., & Kleck, J., Neutron fluence and energy spectra around the Varian clinac 2100-C/2300-C medical accelerator. Health Phys., 74(SLAC-PUB-7190) (1996) 38–47. [18] ICRP Publication 74: Conversion Coefficients for use in Radiological Protection against External Radiation. SAGE Publications (1997). [19] Najem, M., Spyrou, N., Podolyák, Z., & Abolaban, F., The physical characteristics of the 15MV Varian Clinac 2100C unflattened beam. Radiation Physics and Chemistry,. 20: 95.14 (2014) 205–209. [20] Martinez-Ovalle, S., Barquero, R., Gómez-Ros, J., & Lallena, A., Neutron dose equivalent and neutron spectra in tissue for clinical linacs operating at 15, 18 and 20 MV. Radiation protection dosimetry,. 147(4) (2011) 498–511.