Study the location and the direction of detector in order to minimize the gamma-rays buildup factor

Authors

10.22052/4.3.1

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to select the best place for the detector towards shield and the gamma source which have the least flux buildup factor of the photon. In this research, the flux buildup factor of gamma rays was calculated by using of MCNP-4C code for cylindrical sources 137Cs, 60Co, 16N coaxial shields made up of aluminum, iron and lead with a constant thickness 1.55 cm in detector CsI (Tl). For this purpose, detector was respectively placed at different distances from 9 to 18 cm and different angles from 30 to 150 degrees with respect to the axis of the source. In this study, we tried to assess the dependency of the buildup factor with material atomic number, gamma-ray energy, relative distance of detector-material-source and angle of detector to source. The obtained results showed that the buildup factor values are variable in a wide range from 1 to 3.5. According to the results of simulation, if the aim is reduction of the buildup factor source, shield and detector should be designed parallel and coaxial. Otherwise, whatever deviation of detector from the central axis is increased, the gamma-rays buildup factors are greater in detector.

Keywords


[1] Sl. Fawcett and et al. The use of gonad shielding in paediatric hip and pelvis radiographs. The British Journal of Radiology. 82(2009)363–370. [2] J.E. Ngaile and etal. Use of Lead Shields for Radiation Protection of Superficial Organs in Patients Undergoing Head Ct Examinations, Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 130(2008) 490–498. [3] J.S. Vaidya, J.S. Tobias, M. Baum and et al. Intraoperative radiotherapy for breast cancer. Lancet Oncol. 5(2004) 165–73. [4] M. Farahani, F. Eichmiller. Metalpolysiloxane shields for radiation therapy of maxillo-facial tumors. Med. Phys. 18 (1991) 273–278. [5] S.D. Jasbir, S. Barjinderpal, S.S. Gurdeep. Gamma ray photon energy absorption buildup factor study in some soils. J. Appl. Phys. 1(2012)14–21. [6] G.S. Brar, G.S. Sidhu, P.S. Sandhu, G.S. Mudahar. variation of buildup factors of soil with weight fractions of Iron and silicon. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 49(1998) 977-980. [7] S. Gupta, G. Singh Sidhu. A comprehensive study on energy absorption and exposure buildup factors for some soils and ceramic materials. Journal of Applied Physics. 2(2012)24–30. [8] S. Manohara. Energy absorption buildup factor of human organs and tissues at energies and penetration depths relevant for radiotherapy and diagnostics. Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics. 12(2011) 296-312. [9] D. Sardari. Estimation of gamma and x-ray photons buildup factor in soft tissue with Monte Carlo method. Applied Radiation and Isotope. 67(2009) 1438-1440. [10] M.F. Chen, R.E. Faw. Build up factors for gamma rays obliquely incident on slab shields of concrete, iron and lead. Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 51(1994)27-33. [11] Y. Harima. An historical review and current stateus of buildup factor calculations and applications. Radiat.Phys.Chem. 41(1993)631-672. [12] Y. Harima. An historical review and current status of buildup factors calculation and application. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 152 (1992) 2-12. [13] k. Singh Man, J. Singla, V. Kumar, G.S. Sidhu. Verification of some building materials as gamma-ray shields. Radiation protection dosimetry. 151(2012) 183-195. [14] S. Vishwanath. The Gamma ray and neutron shielding properties of some alloy material. Annals of Nuclear Energy, 64(2014)301-310. [15] S. Tejbir, K. Kumar. Chemical composition dependence of exposure buildup factor for some polymers. Annals of Nuclear Energy, 36(2009) 114-120. [16] V. Pathak. Energy absorption buildup factor studies in some solids. IOSR Jurnal of Applied Physics. 3 (2013)18-24. [17] V. Singh, N. Badiger. Photon energy absorption buildup factors of gaseous mixtures used in radiation detector. Radioprotection, 48(2013)63-78. [18] N. Tsoulfanidis. Measurment and Detection of Radiation. 2th edition University of Missouri-Rolla Press, (1995). [19] P. Priyada. An improved Compton scattering method for determination of concentration of solutions. Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 70(2012) 2421–2427. [20] A. Shirani. Calculation of exposure buildup factors for point isotropic gamma ray sources in stratified spherical shields of water surrounded by lead and optimization of water-lead combination. Iranian Journal of Science &Technology. 1(2013) 29-34. [21] D.B. Pelowitz. MCNPX USER ’S MANUAL. Version 2.5.0,(2005). [22] http://www.nist.gov/pml/data/xray_gammaray.cfm. [23] N.M. Schaeffer. Reactor Shilding for Nuclear Engineers. U.S.Atomic energy commission, (1973). [24] A. Chilton, J.K. Shultis and R. Faw. Principle of radiation shielding. Prentic Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey (1984). [25] V.P. Singh and N.M. Badiger. Comprehensive study of energy absorption and exposure build-up factors for concrete shielding in photon energy range 0.015-15 MeV up to 40 mfp penetration depth: dependency of density, chemical elements, photon energy. International Journal of Nuclear Energy Science and Technology. 7(2015)75-99. [26] K. Shin, H. Hirayama. Calculation of gamma-ray build up factors for twolayered shields made of water, concrete and iron and application of approximating formula. Radiation physics and chemistry. 61(2001) 583-584. [27] M. Alamatsaz. A study of gamma ray exposure buildup factors in stratified shields for point isotropic sources, including the effects of incoherent scattering. Journal of sciences, islamic republic of iran. 13(2002) 271-279. [28] H. Kharrati. Monte Carlo simulation of photon buildup factors for shielding materials in diagnostic x-ray facilities. Med. Phys. 39(2012)6014-6021. [29] E. Bursalioglu. Energy absorption and exposure buildup factors of essential amino acids. Bio Med Research International. 2014(2014) 1-7. [30] MAK. Shahid, MA. Nadeem. Experimental investigation of gamma radiation shielding characteristics for different absorbing materials. International Journal of Core Engineering & Management. 2(2015) 1-15.